![]() But on the other hand, when a learner focuses on her/his body parts it is an internal focus of attention (Wulf, Hob, & Prinz, 1998). According to Zarhhami, Saemi, and Fathi, "when a learner focuses on the outcome of her/his movement then it is an external focus of attention" (2012, p.47). Due to this fact, movements become unstable and learning decreases. In contrast with internal focus of attention, it constrains the motor learning system. Focus of attention includes external focus, internal focus, and neutral focus (Porter, 2011).Īccording to the constrained action hypothesis, using external focus allows the body to control movements unconsciously (Zargami, et all, 2012, p.48). One of the most important practices in learning is affective instructions because they can increase a performer's learning. Verbal instructions can have an effect on someone's focus of attention and on the quality of their performance. Verbal instructions are often used in coaching, training, and rehabilitation. Track and field is a very technical sport, where coaches provide feedback and instructions continuously. Most of the times, athletes focus on things that they worked on during practice and apply it at the competition. Track and field athletes depend on instructions and feedback from their coaches during practice and competition. Motor learning research has investigated that using external focus of attention would result in a better performance and learning than internal focus of attention. Individuals cannot learn without different experience. Motor learning is a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes to the capability for movement. ![]() The last one is observed changes in coordination dynamics, which makes behavior more consistent even in different environments. For example, an indoor track has a different environment than an outdoor track (weather, wind, nose, etc.). Motor learning focuses more on practice conditions. According to Magil (2007), attention is associated with consciousness, awareness, and cognitive effort as they relate to the performance of skills. Motor learning includes augmented feedback, contextual interference, and focus of attention. The main idea of motor learning is to make people skilled in their area of interest for example, in sports such as basketball, track and field, baseball, football and many others. Motor learning can be found in biomechanics, physiology, psychology, and behavior. Motor learning is under the umbrella of kinesiology. Originally Published in: Techniques Magazine
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